Window Works

  • Home
  • Films
    • Sun Control | Heat Rejection
    • Security | Safety
    • Architectural | Interiors | Decorative
      • Obscure Window Film
      • Gradient Film
      • 3M Fasara Dichroic Film
      • Doorways | Entrances
      • Reveals Window Film
    • Signs and Way-Finding
    • 3M™ Resources
      • 3M™ Brochures
      • 3M™ Samples
      • 3M™ Technical Data Sheets
      • 3M™ Warranties
      • 3M™ Window Film Simulator
  • Videos
    • 3M Safety & Security Films
    • 3M Fasara Whiteboard Glass Finishes
    • 3M Prestige Series Videos
    • 3M Daylight Redirecting Film
    • WW Short Videos
  • Customer Care
    • Contact Window Works
    • Construction Commercial Service
      • Request for Quote – RFQ
      • Schedule an In-Person Site Visit
      • Phone Consultation
      • Virtual Consultation
    • Residential Service
      • Request for Estimate
      • In-Person Site Visit
      • Phone Consultation
      • Virtual Consultation
      • 3M™ Window Film Simulator
    • Window Film Care
    • FAQ’s
  • Blog

This is What Happens When Property Managers Use Window Film

July 27, 2021 by Carol S Leave a Comment

For each month of 2021, we’re offering special discounts on different window films. For August, our discount is for property managers. Please mention that you saw this article so you can get the discount! Here’s our post about Window Works’ Ten Year Anniversary!

Benefits for property managers

There are so many benefits from using window film that we’d be hard pressed to list them all. Heat reduction, less glare, and a big reduction in UV rays are at the top of the list. Then there’s privacy–a big deal in a city like San Francisco where buildings are often so close together. But the bottom line? When your tenants are happy, they’ll stay longer, and you’ll be happier, too. Also, your phone will stop ringing for all the wrong reasons!

Window Works 3M Fasara Mat Crystal
Window Works 3M Fasara Mat Crystal with Upper Reveal

Avoid theft

In a crowded urban environment like San Francisco there are many crimes of opportunity. But! You can remove the opportunity if potential thieves don’t know there’s something to steal. For instance, use window film to cover foyer windows in your buildings. It’s an easy way to deter theft! And by the way, you can leave a gap so light can enter at the tops of your windows…because fog.

Do away with graffiti

Graffiti on mailboxes, in foyers, and on elevators can ruin your day. Not only is it physically ugly, but it’s jarring to look at. If you cover your elevator banks or mailboxes with window film, you can easy avoid graffiti. We can come in, create a template, and cover things with film. If something regularly gets covered with graffiti, we can replace those objects for you. By the way, you might like this article about graffiti: Anti-Graffiti Film Protects Your Investments.

Lower energy costs

Not only will your tenants be happier, but your energy bills will be lower, too. Since window film reduces heat, your A/C costs will be less. That means a lower PG&E bill. Studies have shown that window film can lower energy costs by as much as 30%. And you know that energy costs are not going down any time soon! Also if you were thinking of adding double- or triple-pane windows, adding window film can lower that cost as well. By the way, you might like Ways to Make a Home More Energy Efficient. The same ideas apply to commercial as well as residential buildings.

More comfortable, happier tenants

Nobody can reliably measure happiness, but you just know that people are happier when they’re not dealing with glare, UV rays, and unbearable heat. And with tenants, if you don’t hear your phone ringing, that means they’re happy, right?. It’s like window film–when it’s working, you don’t even know it’s there.

Better security

Although we hate seeing news stories about break-ins, they do happen. When glass breaks, it shatters. But when there’s window film on those windows, the glass stays together and keeps everyone safer. This makes not only tenants, but property managers feel more safe and secure.

Got Questions?

We have answers! If you don’t know where to start with window film, please give us a call. We’d love to discuss all the ways we can protect your business, your tenants, and your peace of mind. Here’s our number for your convenience: 415.650.5200.

Filed Under: Blog Tagged With: window film bay area, window film for property managers, window film san francisco

How to Use Window Film That Will Help You Reduce Remodeling Costs

July 13, 2021 by Carol S Leave a Comment

We’re getting out of the pandemic, or at least we’re getting pretty close to the end of it (fingers crossed). So what’s everyone doing? Remodeling, of course! After all, we’ve been staring at the same walls, doors, and windows for the past year and a half! And it’s time to change something. The problem is, everyone is low on materials.

Want new replacement windows?

There’s a long wait for nearly every type of material you may need. The International Window Film Association has an excellent article about the costs of remodeling. With building materials up 300% this year, many are opting for window film rather than replacement windows. The cost of window film is about 1/10th the cost of replacement windows. Not only that, but window film is usually installed in a day or less and doesn’t require ripping into your walls. You won’t need couples counseling, nor will you need to sell your Maserati to afford window film.

Lumber costs are driving up remodeling costs

A local paper, the North Bay Business Journal, has an article about how lumber costs are affecting the entire construction market. Because of the pandemic, costs may never get to the same lows that we saw before 2020. Sandy Bird, with Sandra Bird Designs Inc. in Kentfield notes that windows and doors are taking longer to arrive. Building permits are slower, and the storage of supplies is an issue, too. “We are doing kitchen remodels for $300,000. The days of a $75,000 kitchen remodel is now $150,000; the days of a $20,000 bathroom are now $50,000,” said Mark Labourdette, owner of Design/Build Specialists Inc. in Novato.

All the cool kids are getting window film

What we love, and what you might also love about window film, is that if it’s working you won’t even know it’s there. We wrote about the stealthy qualities of window film before, and you might like to read about Heat Reduction and Privacy Window Film. Window film just quietly does its job so you can do yours. It’s like having sunglasses on your home! The cool kind, of course, not the supermarket brand X kind.

What does the future look like?

By looking into our overpriced crystal ball (from Etsy), we can see that things are not going to get less expensive any time soon. Although lumber prices may fall, home sales are still up in the San Francisco Bay Area. People are moving as well as remodeling, and this trend won’t end any time soon. So you could wait for prices to level out and for all the stars to align, or you could have window film installed. The choice is yours.

What will do with all the money you save?

Might we suggest having a house warming party? You could probably buy a new barbeque, plus steaks for all your friends and then you could even have s’mores! Or how about a trip to Hawaii? Maui is a very nice place, with surfing, long walks on the beach, and the ever-present mai tais!

Filed Under: Blog Tagged With: remodeling costs 2021, window film, window film san francisco

Heat Reduction and Privacy Window Film

June 30, 2021 by Carol S 1 Comment

For each month of 2021, we’re offering special discounts on different window films. For July, our discount for small businesses and home owners applies to heat reduction and privacy window film. Please mention that you saw the discount here so you get the discount! Here’s our post about Window Works’ Ten Year Anniversary!

Is heat reduction part of the new normal?

While we hope that the recent extreme high temperatures we’ve been experiencing aren’t part of the new normal, there has been a definite increase in high temperatures. While San Franciscans have been spared in many cases, outlying areas of the Bay have seen extreme high temperatures. As I write this article, Seattle and most of Oregon are experiencing unprecedented high temps. While we all love Karla the Fog, we can’t all depend on her being around. This is one reason we love Heat Reduction window film!

How do you reduce heat with window film?

As described on 3M’s website, 3M window films can help even out temperatures in your home all year long. Also, “While curtains and blinds are great for privacy and help to block some heat, they do so at the cost of natural light. 3M™ Window Films can reduce up to 78% of the sun’s heat coming through your windows, to help make your home bright and comfortable, all day long.”

With window film, you don’t have to block the light (unless you really want to).

Reduce heat, and save money, too!

The U.S. Department of Energy and a recent study published by CONSOL Energy show 3M Window Films can reduce energy usage up to 19 kwh per sq ft of windows. If you’re trying to reduce your energy consumption, this is exciting news! The bottom line is that the Department of Energy says that window films typically pay back in as little as 3 years. Of course, saving money is only one benefit of window film. There’s also the added benefit of reducing UV rays, a common cause of skin cancer—the most common type of cancer.

Design your interior with light

You don’t want to live in darkness, and you can transform your space while protecting your privacy with window film.  If you have a small space, that space will seem larger with the elegance of window film. Window films maintain a sleek space without bulky curtains or window treatments. Another added benefit? If you have cats, they won’t destroy the window film! Yes, you heard it here first.

So many choices in privacy film

Your privacy film can be used in foyers, bathrooms, doors, windows, cabinet doors, on partitions, and outdoors on balconies. There are textured films with dusted or frosted designs. There are also dots and stripes as well as patterns inspired by nature.

We’re here to help

Feeling overwhelmed by the choices? Give us a call and we’ll walk you through some ideas. We work throughout the San Francisco Bay Area, from San Jose to the East Bay to the Peninsula and Marin! Call Window Works’ customer care at 415.650.5200 for pricing and more information.

Filed Under: Blog Tagged With: Privacy window film, window film san francisco

What You Need to Know about Light-Blocking Window Film

June 1, 2021 by Carol S 1 Comment

As part of our ten-year anniversary this year, we have discounts for each month of 2021. For June, our special for small businesses and home owners is on light-blocking window films. So that means any darker window films, such as 3M Prestige 20, which can be used on skylights and exteriors. And also windows where you really want less light to penetrate.

How will light-blocking window films look on my windows?

Actually, the best way for us to describe the different ways window film might look is to show you. 3M has a fabulous window film simulator so you can see the difference. Now if you can imagine, 3M Prestige 20 window film is even darker than the darkest film in the simulator.

What are some examples of light-blocking window film? 

Here are just some examples of light-blocking window film:

3M’s Prestige 20, Prestige 40, 3M Night Vision 15, and Crystalline CM 20.

The above are the darker window films. There is also Ceramic 20 which is a good film for lower-budget projects. 

Night Vision 15 is the most reflective but it’s sleek and looks luxurious, and so is very popular. 

Is light-blocking window film similar to other types of window film?

Yes, it’s very similar. It protects your home or business from heat gain through windows, the same as other types of window film. It rejects most of the infrared, saves on your energy bills, and gives you and your family protection from the sun and its harmful UV rays. It also protects your furniture and flooring from fading.

Will it help us stay cool in the summer?

Yes, Prestige 20 protects you from high heat, and will reduce your air conditioning costs. Your windows will look the same, but the film is a little bit darker.

What else do I need to know?

Prestige 20 (or any window film) will not interfere with your Wifi signal. It’s completely metal-free! Like other window film, light-blocking window film reduces glare. And like other window films, light-blocking film helps prevent skin damage, which in turn prevents skin cancer! 

Can’t decide which light-blocking window film to get?

Whether you want to reduce heat gain, disperse natural light, or block harmful UV rays, light-blocking window film is a great solution. Call us and we’d love to chat with you about your window film needs!

Filed Under: Blog Tagged With: light-blocking window film, window film san francisco

What Are the Best Window Films for Privacy?

April 14, 2021 by Carol S 1 Comment

People are always calling and asking about the best window films for privacy, especially those in San Francisco. For small apartments, condos, and homes, you can’t beat window film for privacy. Thinner than a Post-It note, window film can block UV light, save energy, and protect your skin–all while giving you privacy. Gone are the days of ugly, peeling, purple window film (to be honest, that was mostly DIYers applying window film to their own cars). Better still, window film is much more affordable than tearing out your windows and replacing them!

Window Film by Any Other Name

You may have heard window film called window tint, window vinyl, or window sticker. Here at Window Works, we usually call it window film. But don’t be put off by the other names for the same thing.

What’s the Function of Your Window Film?

If you call us, we’ll ask you a few questions about where you’d like the window film, and whether you’d like to add color, texture, or patterns in addition to privacy. Most people don’t know where to begin, but we can help you figure that part out. We’ve written some articles about different types of film that you might like:

  • Fasara stripes
  • Decorating with window film
  • Save money and beautify with window film

Energy Saving Window Film

Did you know that window film can save you money on your energy bill? 3M Thinsulate is our favorite window film for its insulation properties. It can make a single pane window act like a double pane, and a double pane window like a triple pane. It’s a cost-effective way to upgrade your windows with a minimum of fuss.

Protection from UV Rays

We always recommend that you get protection from UV rays with your window film. After all, if you’re relaxing at home or at work, the last thing you want is to worry about skin damage. You shouldn’t have to wear sunglasses inside your own home. There are enough things to worry about when you’re out in the world!

Filed Under: Blog Tagged With: window film san francisco

David Antonson, 3M Window Film Patent Holder, Plus a Little History

July 31, 2019 by Carol S Leave a Comment

David Antonson, 3M Window Film Patent Holder, Plus a Little History
David Antonson, 3M Window Film Patent Holder, Plus a Little History

Recently, David Antonson, 3M™ Window Film patent holder, passed away. So we thought we might take the opportunity to write a little about Mr. Antonson and his discovery, and the history of 3M window film. You can read about Mr. Antonson here: David Antonson Obituary. 

minnesota photo

A Minnesota Native

David got his B.A. degree from the University of Minnesota, where he majored in Mechanical Engineering in 1967. During his 38 year career with 3M, he acquired five patents in his name. His largest contribution was the Scotch Tint window film. He retired from 3M in 1993. Although David Antonson has passed on, his discovery lives on.

minnesota photo
Photo by cathyse97

Window Film’s 53rd Anniversary

2016 marked the 50th anniversary of 3M Window Film. So window film has been around for 53 years. That’s a long time to be protecting your skin against UV light, and your eyes against glare. You can see all the types of window film on 3M’s website.

heat photo

Window Film Has Changed Over the Years

In the beginning (in the early 1960s), window film was mainly used in solar control flat glass applications. Then during the energy crisis of the 1970s, another aspect of window film use became very interesting: the reduction of heat loss. Window film has evolved to be used for decorative purposes over the years. It has become increasingly valuable as an investment for commercial and residential owners, as outlined in the Short History of Window Film.

interior design photo

Examples of Decorative Window Film

Once upon a time, window film was used to control heat loss and create privacy. We’ve written about how window film can be used for decorative purposes, and you can see some of those articles here:

  • 3M Fasara Decorative Window Film: Dotty for Dots
  • 3M Fasara Decorative Window Film: Stripes Forever
  • 3M Fasara Decorative Window Film: Patterns

See anything you might like?

Have Questions?

We’ve got answers! Give us a call. We’d love to talk to you about window film.

 

 

 

Filed Under: Blog Tagged With: David Antonson 3M window film patent holder, window film history, window film san francisco

What Are the Best Window Film Ideas?

July 18, 2019 by Carol S Leave a Comment

What Are the Best Window Film Ideas?
What Are the Best Window Film Ideas?

We’ve been in the wild world of window film for quite a few years now, and we’ve seen some fantastic uses of window film. Here are a few things you might not know about window film.

You Can Use Window Film to Calm Anxiety in Animals

Yes, you can. For instance, if your dog goes crazy every time it sees another dog in the yard, you can use window film to block the view and lessen your dog’s anxiety. You still get the benefit of natural light streaming into your home, but you can make it so your dog can’t see out. No more dog barking nonstop while you’re at work, annoying the neighbors. The dog is calm and the whole house is quieter.

privacy photo

Keep Your Private Stuff Private

The world is getting more and more crowded. And we all value our privacy even more than before. With window film, you can protect your valuables from prying eyes. And you can feel more comfortable if you like to walk around in your skimpy pajamas all day. If you haven’t read it, you might like this article about privacy: Window Film Confidential: How to Create Privacy Where There is None.

restaurant photo

Keeps Glass Together

We don’t get a lot of severe storms in the San Francisco Bay Area, but in other parts of the country, there are horrific winds–and worse. Window film can hold the glass together should it ever break due to a storm. And that gives you peace of mind, either at home or in your business. For instance, restaurants can protect their patrons by installing window film. If there’s a storm and a window breaks, the glass holds together and flying glass shards are much less likely to hurt one of the diners. Read more about safety and security window film on 3M’s site.

glass wall photo

Use it in Your Interior Design

There are many unusual ways to use window film. Window film isn’t just clear and frosted–it comes in many different and beautiful designs. We recently wrote about using window film in your interior design in this article: What Happens When You Use Window Film in Your Interior Design?

flowers photo

Use it Outside as a Screen

Some of our clients have started to use window film on glass exterior walls or fences, and we thought that was pretty neat. Even a stand-alone glass partition can use window film to provide a barrier. Use it as a decorative garden element, or for privacy.

Give Us a Call!

We’d love to discuss your window film ideas with you–even if you think the idea you have is crazy! We’re all over the San Francisco Bay Area, from the South Bay to San Francisco to Marin to the East Bay. And we’re happy to chat with you and kick around a few ideas!

Filed Under: Blog Tagged With: best window film, window film san francisco

What Happens When You Use Window Film In Your Interior Design?

May 15, 2019 by Carol S Leave a Comment

What Happens When You Use Window Film In Your Interior Design?
What Happens When You Use Window Film In Your Interior Design?

Using window film in your interior design may not be something that you have considered. Or maybe you’ve considered it, but only as a passing fancy. I’m here to tell you that using window film in your interior design can protect your health, add beauty, and make the temperature more stable, as well as adding privacy. And did you know that window film can help you combat climate change as well? Here’s our previous article about Window Film and Global Warming that you might like.

yoga photo

Protect Your Skin

There are so many ways that window film protects your health, but this month is Skin Cancer Awareness Month. The UV rays that enter your home through your windows can cause skin cancer. Although many people feel safe at home or work, they don’t realize that UV rays are damaging their skin. Not only that, but your eyes will thank you later since those UV rays can also damage your eyes. And the most vulnerable members of the family deserve to get through their childhood without worrying about excessive damage to their skin, too. If you’d like to know more about prevention, take a look at the Skin Cancer Foundation.

beauty photo

Add Beauty

You might be surprised that there are so many beautiful types of window film. If you have a window that looks out at an ugly view, you can change that view with window film. People love to spend time in a room or building that they enjoy. Your family and coworkers will be happier in a more beautiful environment. Here are a few previous articles about window film you might like:

  • 3M Fasara Decorative Window Film: Stripes Forever
  • 3M Fasara Decorative Window Film: Patterns
  • 3M Fasara Decorative Window Film: Dotty for Dots

rain photo

Create More Stable Temperatures

Here in the San Francisco Bay Area, we’ve had more rain this year, with more unstable temperatures. Even as I write these words, we’re getting a big storm, and that’s very unusual for May. What about where you are? Has your climate changed and how does that affect your life? We always have to dress in layers here because we never know what the weather will be like. It’s cold one day, hot the next.

gate photo

Add Privacy

Of course, adding privacy is the first thing most of us think of when we consider window film. You may be more familiar with window film in the automotive arena. But window film in commercial and residential settings is growing. For those with smaller homes and offices, window film is a quick and easy way to add privacy. Check out the 3M website for how you might use window film for privacy as well as decoration.

Give Us a Call!

We’d love to discuss any kind of window film with you. We’re all over the San Francisco Bay Area, from the South Bay to San Francisco to Marin to the East Bay. And we’re happy to chat with you and kick around a few ideas!

 

Filed Under: Blog Tagged With: skin cancer awareness month, window film bay area, Window Film In Your Interior Design, window film interior design, window film san francisco

Five Quick and Easy Ways to Protect Your Eyes from Sun Damage

April 10, 2019 by Carol S 1 Comment

Five Quick and Easy Ways to Protect Your Eyes from Sun Damage
Five Quick and Easy Ways to Protect Your Eyes from Sun Damage

We all want to protect our vision no matter what. Being visual creatures, our vision is critical to our wellbeing at all stages of our life. What if there were some easy ways to protect your eyes from sun damage, though? It turns out that there are! Here are some ideas for you.

Hats off to Big Hats

One of the easiest ways to protect your eyes from sun damage is with a large-brimmed hat. Of course, any hat is better than no hat at all, but size does matter in terms of brim size: the bigger the better! There are now many hats that will provide protection, and kids in particular really need protection. Here’s one hat you can get from Amazon (just do a search for others).

Sunscreen

How much sunscreen do you need to protect your eyes against sun damage? Figure about an ounce (or a shot glass full of sunscreen) for your whole body. Yes, it seems like a lot, but once it absorbs into your skin, that’s the recommended amount. “It is very unlikely that you’re applying too much sunscreen — most people don’t apply enough, which is why undesirable sunburns and tanning can occur despite sunscreen application.” says Elizabeth K. Hale, of the Skin Cancer Foundation. Also, “most sunscreen is safe to use on and around the eyelid region (without putting it in your eye, of course). However, you’ll want to be careful about what type of sunscreen you use, as this area tends to be more delicate and sensitive. Mineral formulas, made with zinc or titanium dioxide, are a good choice, as they are made for sensitive skin and won’t sting your eyes as you sweat.” says Susan Boiko, M.D.

Big Hats and Giant Sunglasses Protect Your Eyes
Big Hats and Giant Sunglasses Protect Your Eyes

Avoid the Sun at Peak Hours

The hours between 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. are when the sun is at its strongest. So an obvious way to protect your eyes from sun damage and avoid skin cancer is to avoid the damaging rays of the sun during those hours. The American Cancer Society suggests using the shadow test if you’re unsure whether the sun’s rays are at their strongest: “If you are unsure how strong the sun’s rays are, use the shadow test: if your shadow is shorter than you are, the sun’s rays are the strongest, and it’s important to protect yourself.”

Giant Sunglasses

Like big hats, big sunglasses tend to protect your eyes from sun damage the best. There are so many fashion-forward sunglasses that you don’t need to worry about looking silly. However, the National Academy of Ophthalmology suggests choosing sunglasses that protect against 100% of UV light. The color of the lenses doesn’t matter, so if those orange or pink glasses suit your fancy, get them–so long as they give you protection from UV rays.

Window Film

Window film is one of the easiest ways to protect your eyes from sun damage UV because once it’s installed, you don’t have to think about it. And once it’s on your windows, you won’t even know it’s there. In case you’re unfamiliar with window film, you might like: Five Amazing Ways Window Film Can Make You Healthier.

Filed Under: Blog Tagged With: eye protection, protect your eyes from sun damage, sun damage, UV light, window film, window film san francisco

How Does Window Film Help You in the Winter?

October 16, 2018 by Carol S Leave a Comment

San Francisco photo
How Does Window Film Help You in the Winter?

How Does Window Film Help You in the Winter?

Maybe you’re one of those people who only think about window film in the summer. After all, window film helps with glare and keeping out UV rays. In our experience, people don’t think about window film in the winter nearly as much. Here are some ways that window film can help you in the winter.

Winterizing with Window Film

Of course, 3M has a window film that can help you with climate control, which includes staying warm in the winter and cool in the summer. You don’t want heat escaping in the colder months, just as you don’t want cooler air to escape during the warmer months. By adding 3M’s window film, you can have the best of both worlds. If you already have a double-paned window, it’s like having a triple-paned window. You might want to read about Thinsulate in our previous article: How to Punch the Solar Vortex in the Nose with Window Film.

Keeping Temperature Stable

If temperatures were more stable year-round, planning would be so much easier, wouldn’t it? But temperatures are all over the map, with hotter days in the summer and colder days in the winter. In the San Francisco Bay Area, we always have to dress in layers so we’re prepared for anything. Having the right window film provides that extra layer so we’re prepared for unstable temperatures. Check out 3M’s website for all the details.

3M™ Thinsulate™ Climate Control Window Film Keeps You Warm in the Winter…

“30% of all energy used to heat and cool homes in the U.S. escapes through the windows. 3M™ Thinsulate™ Climate Control Window Film is a low emissivity or “low-e” window film which improves the insulation value of a typical single pane window close to that of a double pane window and the insulation value of a typical double pane window close to a triple pane window.” From 3M™’s website. Keeping your home warm helps you save money on heat. Heating prices seem to be increasing each year. You can check out energy costs, via PG&E, and compare the rates.

And Cool in the Summer

Once summer comes around, you’ll be more concerned about staying cool. And guess what?  3M™ Thinsulate™ Climate Control Window Film does that, too! So you’ll save money in the winter as well as the summer. And we think that’s pretty cool! More about staying cool in the summer here: How to Stay Warm in the Winter and Cool in the Summer.

Have Questions?

Still not sure about Thinsulate or any window film? We can help advise you! Give us a call at 415.623.8700 to discuss window film!

Filed Under: Blog Tagged With: 3M Thinsulate, San Francisco Bay Area, San Jose, Santa Clara, window film, window film bay area, window film san francisco, winterizing with window film

  • « Previous Page
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • Next Page »
Locations
6991 E Camelback Rd Ste D300 Scottsdale, AZ 85251
850 South Van Ness San Francisco, CA 94110
400 Reed Street Santa Clara, CA 95050
3555 Harbor Gateway S. Costa Mesa, CA 92626
Privacy Policy
           
SecurityMetrics Credit Card Safe

Want to keep up with what’s going on at the agency? Follow us across our Social Networks or Subscribe to our Blog!

Copyright © 2025 · Log in

 

Loading Comments...
 

You must be logged in to post a comment.